Ethernet hubs operate at Layer ___ of the OSI model.

Ethernet hubs operate at Layer 1 of the OSI model, which is the Physical layer. This layer is responsible for the transmission and reception of raw bit streams over a physical medium. Hubs function by receiving packets of data and broadcasting them to all ports, but they do not process or filter the information being sent; they merely forward electrical signals to connected devices.

Because hubs do not have any logic to differentiate between data types, they are considered simple devices that only deal with the physical aspects of data transmission. This distinction sets them apart from devices that operate at higher layers, like switches or routers, which can manage data based on network addresses or protocols. Therefore, identifying Ethernet hubs as Layer 1 devices is key to understanding their function within network architecture.