In RSTP, which switch(es) originate BPDUs?

In Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP), all switches in the network play an active role in originating Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs). This is a fundamental aspect of RSTP that differentiates it from traditional Spanning Tree Protocol (STP).

When RSTP is operational, every switch participates in the process of generating and sending BPDUs to communicate information about network topology. These BPDUs contain critical data about the switch's role, such as its bridge ID, port ID, and whether it is designated or non-designated for forwarding traffic. By having all switches originate BPDUs, RSTP can rapidly converge and respond to changes in the topology, allowing for quicker recovery from link failures or topology changes compared to its predecessor, STP.

This principle ensures that all switches are aware of the current network topology, contributing to efficient loop prevention and fault tolerance. In contrast, other options mistakenly imply restrictions on which switches can originate BPDUs, which would hinder the performance and responsiveness of the spanning tree process.