Which FHRP is characterized by a primary and backup router?

The question pertains to First Hop Redundancy Protocols (FHRPs), which are designed to provide network resilience and reliability by ensuring that a backup router takes over when the primary router fails.

Both HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol) and VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol) are structured around the concept of having a primary router and a backup router. In HSRP, one router is elected as the active router that handles traffic, while a second router is in standby mode, ready to take over if the active router fails. The virtual IP address used by the hosts is owned by the active router. Similarly, VRRP also defines a master router (the primary) responsible for forwarding packets, while one or more backup routers are available to take over if the master fails. This arrangement allows seamless failover and continuous network availability.

GLBP (Gateway Load Balancing Protocol), while it does provide redundancy, does so by allowing multiple routers to share the load of traffic across multiple active routers, rather than defining a strict primary and backup relationship. This makes it less suited for scenarios where only one router serves as the primary under normal conditions.

Therefore, both HSRP and VRRP fit the criteria of having a primary